How does thermal pollution primarily occur?

Thermal pollution primarily occurs through the discharge of hot or cold water from industrial sites, which significantly alters the natural temperature of nearby water bodies. When industrial processes use water for cooling, the heated water is often released back into rivers or lakes, raising the temperature of these ecosystems. Elevated temperatures can negatively affect aquatic organisms, reducing oxygen levels and disrupting local habitats.

In contrast, cold water discharges can also be harmful, especially in ecosystems that are adapted to a specific thermal regime. This alteration can further impact species that depend on stable temperature ranges for breeding and survival. Therefore, the direct release of treated or untreated water from industrial processes is the primary mechanism through which thermal pollution occurs, highlighting the importance of managing thermal discharges in order to protect aquatic environments.