What does "fracking" refer to?

Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, refers specifically to a method of extracting oil and natural gas from deep underground reservoirs. This process involves injecting high-pressure fluid into rock formations, which creates fractures within the rock, allowing previously trapped oil and gas to flow more freely to the surface. The high-pressure fluid typically consists of water, sand, and various chemicals that help to facilitate the fracturing process.

While fracking has gained attention for its role in increasing energy production, it also raises environmental concerns, such as potential groundwater contamination and induced seismicity. The other options do not accurately describe fracking: renewable energy generation relates to solar or wind methods, carbon capture and storage is a technique for reducing greenhouse gases, and crop cultivation pertains to agriculture. Understanding fracking is essential as it plays a significant role in the energy sector and discussions regarding energy policies and environmental impact.