Which of the following contributes to soil pollution?

Industrial waste disposal significantly contributes to soil pollution due to the introduction of hazardous substances and toxic chemicals into the land. When industries produce goods, the process often generates waste that may contain heavy metals, solvents, and other harmful materials. If these wastes are improperly managed or disposed of directly onto the soil, they can lead to contamination, which adversely affects soil health, plant growth, and potentially human health through the food chain.

On the other hand, excessive rainfall can lead to erosion and runoff but does not directly introduce pollutants into the soil. Natural vegetation growth typically enhances soil quality and prevents erosion. Community gardening is an activity that usually promotes sustainable practices and healthy soil management, making them beneficial for the environment rather than harmful. Thus, industrial waste disposal stands out as a significant cause of soil pollution.